A Mechanistic Mode Of Organization Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2090 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The structure of any organization has a clear impact on both employee behaviour and its performance Organizational Structure as Determinant of Organizational Performance: Uncovering Essential Facets of Organic and Mechanistic Structure. On the other hand, an organizational structure provides an overview about the hierarchy of levels, roles and responsibilities, authorities, communication channels, etc. Mechanistic organizational structure has a certain amount of bureaucratic features such as being a rigid structure, centralized in decision making, having well defined job roles and well-defined communication channels. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Mechanistic Mode Of Organization Business Essay" essay for you Create order These features ensure high efficiency in strict processes and procedures. Furthermore, it reduces flexibility and learning opportunities. The success of the mechanistic structure depends largely upon the external environment and also effectiveness in increasing organizational performance. It is of utmost importance to understand the definition of the organizational structure since it affects both employee behaviour and organizational performance (Organizational Structure as Determinant of Organizational Performance: Uncovering Essential Facets of Organic and Mechanistic Structure). Organizational structure is understood as a method consisting of responsibilities and power allocated amongst members and how work procedures are carried out among them. (Nahm et al., 2003). It also includes the layers of hierarchy, centralization of authority, and horizontal integration. However, an organizational structure is a multi-dimensional construct which illustrates the division of work (roles or responsibilities including specification), departmentalization, centralization, complexity, communication or coordination mechanisms including standardization, formalization and flexibility (How does organizational structure influence performance through learning and innovation in Austria and China). Two main types of organizational structures can be identified as mechanistic and organic. The next paragraph would provide an overview of the mechanistic organizational structure whilst discussing its nature and characteristics. Mechanistic structure is  hierarchical  and bureaucratic by nature. Its structure, processes and roles are considered as a machine where each part of the organization does what it is intended to do. Three main features could be identified. Namely highly centralized  authority, formalized procedures and  practices specialized functions (Businessdictionary.com). Thus, a mechanistic structure has a clear, well-defined, centralized , vertical hierarchy of command, authority, and control. It achieves efficiency and predictability through specialization, standardization, and formalization. Rigidly defined jobs, technologies, and processes are outcomes of such mechanical organizational structure. Mechanistic structure aims to achieve efficiency thorough tight control (Enotes/Studymaster). Characteristics for mechanistic organizational structure are listed below: Stable environment This organizational structure works best when the environment is relatively stable. Low differentiation of tasks Tasks will not be differentiated much, because each subtask is relatively stable and easy to control. Low integration of e.g. departments and functional areas Due to the stability of tasks, there will be low integration between departments and functional areas, because tasks stay relatively stable, and because the functional areas are not heavily dependent on each other. Centralized decision-making When the environment is stable, there is no need for complex decision-making that involves people at lower levels. Therefore, decision-making is centralized at the top of the organization. Standardization and formalization When tasks are stable, tasks should be standardized and formalized, so that operations can run smoothly without breakdowns. Source : https://www.businessmate.org/Article.php?ArtikelId=44 Mechanistic organizations prefer formalized structure due to two main reasons. It reduces the variability within the organization and enhances predictability in the organization rather than being ambiguous (Mintzberg, 1979). A highly formalized mechanistic structure demands nearly all processes and procedures to be administratively authorized. On the other hand, it considers processes and procedures outside to those authorized protocols as variances which should be brought under control meaning that decision making in all dealings should be done by applying such provid ed procedures, policies, rules or instructions (Enotes/Studymaster). A mechanistic structure enables employee behaviour more predictable while enhancing standardization within the organization. For example, an employee is well aware of handling customer sales returns or accepting credit card payments. Formalization enables organizations to improve performance (Hahn, 2007). In contrast, it also curbs any opportunities for innovation and fresh ideas, since variations are not allowed or encouraged. Consequently, a mechanistic structure does not support or adapt quickly to changes in the external environment. Hence a mechanistic type of organizational structure is best suited for large organizations which operate in more stable environments where it helps to maximize the organizational efficiency while minimizing the cost through formalization and centralized decision making (Carpenter et al, 1969). Classical management theories perceive an organization as a machine (Fayol, 1949; Tay lor, 1911). Classical theories emphasis the need for bureaucracy within organizations resulting the lack of space towards creativity and innovativeness. Thus, Classical management theories encourage a mechanistic type of an organizational structure (Organizational Structure as Determinant of Organizational Performance: Uncovering Essential Facets of Organic and Mechanistic Structure). However, organizations that operate in a rapidly changing environment requires to frequently change their processes and procedures with the changes that take place in the external environment. Moreover, it requires taking action according to the situation in order to enhance adaptability to environment. Thus, formulation and authority which exist in mechanistic structures does not encourage deviating from defined processes and procedures. Therefore, mechanistic kind of organizational structure is not effective for organizations that operate in a dynamic environment. It can be seen, that mechanist ic organizations increase efficiency when tasks and technologies are relatively stable.  Meaning that stable environments and technology allow work to be clearly defined and differentiated. A scientific method should be used to separate work process to identify precise tasks, assign tasks in order to employees and monitor employee performance (Fayol, 1949; Taylor, 1911). Work activity of a mechanistic organization is separated into specific tasks. A specialized job position is created by assigning one or more specific tasks which requires rigidly defined set of skills, methodology and procedure to perform jobs. Furthermore, specific responsibilities or authority is assigned to each job function. Line managers and lower-level staff are to strictly perform assigned tasks according to strict procedures whereas few higher level managers monitor their performance. (Organizational Structure as Determinant of Organizational Performance: Uncovering Essential Facets of Organic and Mec hanistic Structure). Managers perform as planners and monitors in a mechanistic type of organization. This leads to high levels of efficiency by clear instructions to perform specific tasks. On the other hand, it provides fewer opportunities for innovation. Thus, innovation is restricted to achieve efficiency in the processes. However, this can be more suitable to improve efficiency in a stable environment rather than depending on innovative ideas. For example, Few customers, for instance, would want a McDonalds employee to use creativity in preparing their hamburger. Instead, the repetitiveness and stability of the procedure needed to cook a hamburger is more efficient when the employee follows established procedures and customers can trust that each hamburger they purchase will taste the same (Enotes/Studymaster). In contrast, a rapidly changing external environment requires innovative ideas to face external environment demand. Furthermore, it requires more flexibility in proce dures and processes to meet demands from the external environment. Employees would be given more flexibility to deal with their customers meaning that lower level employees would have a certain amount of liberty to make certain decisions in order to face the situation and solve problems. Thus, the mechanistic structure is less effective for organizations that operate in challenging environments. Centralized decision making in mechanistic type organizations enable few higher management personnel to actively be involved in decision making. Clear communication channels allow formal communication or information flows from top to bottom or vice versa. Classical theorists provides a view point that centralized decision making increases organizational efficiency and definitely results in better organizational performance (Gulick and Urwick, 1937; Weber, 1947). Classical theorists focus was more on hierarchical authority and pays less or no attention to the degree of employee participati on in decision making. Employee involvement in decision making is definitely an important aspect of any organizational structure and which directly influence organizational performance (Carter and Cullen, 1984; Khakani et al, 2012). Furthermore, centralized decision-making leads to the effective and efficient functioning of any bureaucratic structures (Goodsell, 1985). Scientific management of organizations is possible only if decision-making is restricted to few employees (upper level management) within organizations as discussed in the concept of Taylor (1911) (Mansoor, Aslam (2012). However, centralized decision making is more suited for stable and large organizations. Thus, in highly dynamic external environments, organizations require to act fast in order to survive within the in environment in which it operates. Therefore, certain amount of decision making power is required to decentralize and empower lower level employees. This helps them to react to quick changes that occ ur in the external environment. It is evident that the mechanistic type of structure would not sufficiently support organizations up to expectations when they are engaged within challenging external environments. Therefore, the extent to which formalization exists within an organization depends on the technology, size and the organizations traditions (Robbins 1990, Burton and Obel, 1998 (Mansoor, Aslam (2012). In a mechanistic structure, the clear distance between employees and management provide fewer opportunities to bring in new ideas by subordinates. Moreover, those who bring change can be threaded according to the X theory of Douglas McGregor. Therefore, resistance to change is high and innovation is not so much encouraged in organizations having a mechanistic type of organization hierarchy. (Armstrong, 2008). However, organizations face immense competition in todays challenging and dynamic external environment. Therefore, organizations with mechanistic structure face variou s difficulties when introducing quick changes due to the highly formalized nature of the hierarchy itself. However, learning is a critical factor that affects organizational development. The below diagram displays steps that are adhered to in single loop learning. Source : https://www.cognitivedesignsolutions.com/KM/Learning.htm Mechanistic type of organizations can use this model to improve efficiency in their processes. The single loop model focuses on analyzing actions and feedback to identify the gap between where we are and where we need to be. Therefore, changes are implemented as actions but not as governing variables (Create advantage). Kolbs (1984) classic interpretation of learning concisely describes the single-loop learning process and is considered a simplified version of the scientific method (Kolb 1984, Armstrong 2008).  Ãƒâ€š As discussed above, learning and implementing change requires flexibility within systems and procedures. The rigid structure in mechanistic organizations does not facilitate comfortable implementation of changes. A well-defined structure demands authorization of all changes and formal communication within organizations. In mechanistic type of structures communicating and formalizing all necessary changes takes a considerable effort and time where dynamic exte rnal environment demands quick changes. Therefore, companies face various challenges in adjusting to the external environment. Furthermore, implementation of change requires modifying tasks or roles where employees resist since their knowledge is more specific to a task or set of tasks. On the other hand, change may require training needs and considerable time to adapt which intern has an impact on efficiency of processes. Moreover, the amount of bureaucracy seen in mechanistic structures makes it difficult to introduce change. In conjunction, it reduces participation opportunities for employees in lower levels when deciding on changes. Clear distance between hierarchical levels of the organization and communication lines reduces awareness about such changes. Therefore, employees fear change and resist to innovation. It is of utmost importance to consider the rate of changes in technology and the external environment while deciding on the amount of formalization and specializatio n used within the mechanistic structure. Considering all these factors it can be decided that a mechanistic structure provides less space for rapid changes. Therefore, it is more suitable for large organizations operating in comparatively stable environments. Moreover, the type of organizational structure cannot be precisely identified as good or bad since it depends on the firms internal and external environments. An organization structure that suits a specific industry will necessarily be suited for another industry owing to many external factors such as competition and technological impacts. A mechanistic structure by nature is highly formalized and specialized with well defined procedures, processes and roles. Centralized decision making is one of the main features in a mechanistic structure. Higher level managers are involved in decision making whereas their subordinates are expected to carry out specific task or tasks within the department. Therefore, the mechanistic struct ure provides fewer opportunities for learning. However, the flexibility in the structure is a key to promote learning. Learning and innovation is highly required when dealing with changing and dynamic environments. Mechanistic structure does not provide enough flexibility to change or modify decision making according to situations. Therefore, a mechanistic type of structure is highly efficient for an organization which operates in a more stable environment. These features of mechanistic structures reduce opportunities for learning. Altering the level of mechanistic characteristics will help a firm to increase learning opportunities to some extent.

A Critical Review of Kelly’s Personality Theory in...

1. Introduction Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that gives both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior (Feist Feist, 2008). For centuries, philosophers, personality theorists and other thinkers have been trying to answer: what personalities are like, how personalities are developed, why different personalities are developed and how personalities can be changed (Pervin Cervone, 2013). George A. Kelly, an American psychologist born in 1905 in Kansa, is one of those major contributors in the field of personality psychology (Warren, 1998). In this paper, I am writing to critically review George A. Kellys perspective on personality. I will first review Kellys philosophy of†¦show more content†¦They are namely a.) Structure which concerns what personalities are like; b.) Process which concerns why people behave that way; c.) Development which concerns how personalities are developed over life course; d.) Psychopathology which concerns why some personalities are maladaptive and e.) Change which concern how personalities, especially abnormal personalities, can be changed. 3.1. Structure: What Personalities Are Like? In describing what personalities are like, Kelly abandons the classical threefold division of psychological phenomena: cognition, affection and conation (Kelly, 1955, p.130). Instead, he formulates his own personality theory with a single structure named Construct. In this section, lets review the concept of construct and some of its features. 3.1.1. Core Structure: Construct Construct is defined as a representation of the universe, a representation erected by a living creature and then tested against the reality of that universe (Kelly, 1955, p.12). According to Kelly, people make sense of the world by formulating their own models. They interpret things happened around them and organize those interpretations to construe their own models of reality. 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James Fenimore Cooper Essay Example For Students

James Fenimore Cooper Essay James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey on September 15, 1789 to William and Elizabeth Cooper. He was born the eleventh of twelve children. When James was one year old the family moved to the frontier of Lake Otsego, New York, and his father established the settlement of Cooperstown at the head of the Susquehanna River. Cooper attended a private prep school in Albany, New York, and was then admitted to Yale in 1803. He was expelled during his junior year because of a prank. His family allowed him to join the navy, but he soon found that more discipline was present in the Navy than at Yale. In 1810 Cooper took a furlough, and never returned to active duty. James Fenimore Cooper married Susan De Lancy in 1811, and for the next ten years he lived as a country gentleman. However, after the death of all five of his elder brothers he became responsible for supporting their widows and paying their debts. He then found out that his fathers estate had not been worth as much as originally thought. In 1820 Cooper published his first fiction, Precaution, on a challenge from his wife. This novel was largely unsuccessful. In 1821 he published his second book, The Spy, which was modeled after Sir Walter Scotts Waverly novels, except it was set during the American Revolution. The Spy brought Cooper international fame and a certain amount of wealth. Cooper established his reputation after his second novel, The Spy, and in his third book, the autobiographical Pioneers (1823), Cooper introduced the character of Natty Bumppo, a uniquely American personification of rugged individualism and the pioneer spirit. A second book featuring Bumppo, The Last of the Mohicans written in 1826, quickly became the most widely read work of the day, solidifying Coopers popularity in the U.S. and in Europe. Set during the French and Indian War, The Last of the Mohicans chronicles the massacre of the colonial garrison at Fort William Henry and a fictional kidnapping of two pioneer sisters. Cooper knew few Indians, so he drew on a Moravian missionarys account of two opposing tribes; the Delawares and the Mingos. Although this characterization was filled with inaccuracies, the dual image of the opposing tribes allowed Cooper to create a lasting image of the Indian that became a part of the American consciousness for almost two centuries. His public was simultaneously touched romantically at the doomed Indians fate and justified in abetting their extermination. The hero of the novel, Natty Bumppo, was incredibly popular, a rebel heroically opposed to industrial society, he was a hero who never married or changed his ideals. Cooper was a prolific writer, publishing 32 novels, 12 works of nonfiction, a play and numerous pamphlets and articles. His most lasting contributions to American literature were his five books about Natty Bumppo, varying in genre from implausible romantic adventure to realistic narrative. Later anthologized as The Leatherstocking Tales, they are best read in the order written: The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840), and The Deerslayer (1841). Coopers popularity declined in his later years as he entered into the nationalistic and partisan disputes of the Jacksonian era, becoming increasingly contentious toward reviewers and the public. Cooper died at Cooperstown on September 14, 1851, one day before his sixty-second birthday. Cooper was, and continues to be, and immensely popular writer, and he is generally considered to be the first major American novelist.

Result of US

Introduction The United States has had an eventful relationship with countries of Latin America. Latin America has historically been the US’s backyard as far as foreign policy is concerned (Cottam 4).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Result of US-Venezuela Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given its diversity and active politics, various US administrations since Kennedy have focused on different issues including military operations to achieve predetermined political and social ambitions, narcotics control, humanitarian interventions and economic aid to Latin America. Sullivan reinforces Cottam’s suggestion that US policy concerns in Latin America mainly center on US funding for democracy projects, oil issues, human rights concerns, counter-narcotics and concerns about Venezuela’s involvement in Latin American politics (3). US policy images on Venezuela Relations A keen observer c an easily note that Venezuela features in all the above policy issues. Hugo Chavez had led the country since 1998 safe for a brief period in 2002 when he was overthrown through popular protests and pressure from the military. Given his position as leader of the country, his stance on US policies and his pursuit of populist policies in the country and elsewhere in Latin America, Chavez remains a key figure to success or failure of US policies in Venezuela. Despite close relations between US and Venezuela, there has been friction between him and various US administrations. During all those times, US foreign officials have been careful on their wording on Venezuela, especially stressing on the need for Chavez to accommodate some of the opposition’s grievances and Chavez’s adherence to democratic principles. It is important to note that the US’s approach in Venezuela is chiefly aimed at ensuring a continued steady supply of oil to the US at a reasonable and stable p rice.Advertising Looking for coursework on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Clemente, some scholars on US’s Latin American policy conclude that US foreign policy officials view Latin American people, including Venezuela as temperamental, immature and incapable of self-governance (60). There is reluctance or plain lack of effort on the part of US officials to try to learn the exact needs of people of Venezuela. Clemente further asserts that many at times, US officials will ascribe negative moral traits to Latin American leaders like Chavez when these leaders oppose policies fronted by the US in South America (60). The above view by US officials fuels the image of inferior people in Venezuela, who have to subscribe to superior and seemingly â€Å"correct† US direction in the region. This perhaps informed the Bush administration’s support of the coup in Venezuela and suppo rt for opponents of Chavez in the pretext of promoting democracy. Implications The result of the above approach has been formulation of a somehow flawed US policy on Venezuela that is characteristic of unequal footing and lack of mutual trust. It is fair to conclude that the above image on Venezuela by the US is a little misguided. As such, its policy on the country is also likely to be error-prone, which may not be helpful in the long-term to US interests in the country. The above image by US officials has always been a pretext for intervention in Venezuela (Domingue and Fernandez de Castro 1). As noted earlier, the US has intervened in Venezuela through assistance of anti-Chavez groups that apparently promote democracy. The approach based on the above image has so far elicited unwanted reactions from Venezuela whose leader has embarked on a diplomatic counteroffensive in Latin America to counter US policies. Given the successful fueling of anti-US sentiment in Latin America by Ven ezuela, it is highly likely that US policy in the region will continue to meet resistance on various quarters. There is need for a shift in the thinking of US policymakers concerning the region. Continued basing of the policies on the above images will likely fuel a more interventionist-oriented US approach in South America which is likely to lead to more backlash.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Result of US-Venezuela Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Clement, Christopher. â€Å"Latin American Perspectives: Venezuelan Exceptionalism Revisited†. New Perspectives on Politics and Society. 32. 3 (2005): 60-78. Cottam, Martha. Images and Intervention: U.S. Policies in Latin America, Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Press, 1994. Print. Domingue, Jorge, and Fernandez de Castro, Rafael. Contemporary U.S.-Latin American Relations: Cooperation or Conflict in the 21st Century, New York: Taylor and F rancis, 2010. Print. Sullivan, Mark. Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy, Washington: US Congress, 2005. Print. This coursework on Result of US-Venezuela Relations was written and submitted by user Giselle Marsh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Homelessness free essay sample

Waking up, looking to the left staring at the alarm clock, looking to the right out of the window so the rising sun. Stepping on to the cool crisp tile flooring of the bathroom. Pulling the plastic curtain back to warm up the flowing stream of shower water. Wiping the steam from the mirror to effectively style and prepare for the day. Walking down creaky wooden steps to enter into the kitchen. The sun now peaking through the sunflower curtains; breakfast waiting on the table. The smell of eggs, bacon, and toast permeating through the air. Now imagine instead of the iHome alarm clock it is the cold bitter winter air and the sounds of police sirens breaking the sleep. Instead of cool floor tiles it is ice-cold cement. Instead of a warm relaxing shower it is a leaky faucet. Instead of a clean bathroom mirror it is a scratched, abused, and shattered mirror of a public restroom. We will write a custom essay sample on Homelessness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead of entering the kitchen, entering into the corner store with scrounged up change to get a bag of chips to start the day. Whether it is noticed or not, homelessness is a real problem here in the United States of America. Each month in 2011, an average of 1,595 people access services for homelessness. For the year, the total number of individuals utilizing services was 7,320—a 3 percent increase over 2010. (Knoxville-Knox County Homeless Coalition, 2012) The Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 defines people as homeless when they lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence or when their primary residence is a temporary place for people about to be institutionalized, any place not meant for regular sleeping accommodation by humans, or a supervised temporary shelter. The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 is America’s first attempt to combat the plague that was homelessness. The act outlines meaning of homelessness and the federal governments plans and allocations to take it down. (National Coalition for the Homeless)Many people may believe that homelessness is caused by just sheer irresponsibility; however, what many fail to realize is the fact that some historical factors play into long generational spells of homelessness or poverty. Historical events such as the use of morphine during the civil war,  to the industrial revolution, and even natural disasters can ruin lives for years to come. The act itself is essential to current homeless crisis and also is within social workers’ responsibilities per the National Association of Social Workers code of ethics. In the preamble, it reads, â€Å"The primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human well ¬being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. † (National Association of Social Workers, 1999)The purpose of social workers is to help people in need and that is the goal of policies on homelessness. Homelessness has been a persistent and enduring feature in American history. The players may change in the game but the rules still apply. There has always been some form of homelessness in the country. As time periods change the causes of homelessness have changed. For instance, during the colonial times from the 1660’s to the 1770’s the primary homeless were called â€Å"wandering poor† and the primary cause was caused by the recent increase in migration and the land territory skirmishes. Government intervention of the time was to corporally punish the citizens. During the Pre-Industrial Period, 1820–1850, the primary homeless were unemployed men; their reasons were the bumpy business cycle and the lack of stability in jobs in mills, mines, and on docks. The government of this time stepped in by allowing jails to provide overnight lodging or flat out imprisonment. Following the Civil War from 1870 to 1900, this time was known as the â€Å"vagabond† era filled with train hoppers and freed slaves in search of places to live. The cause of this displacement was anywhere from low employment to the number of immigrants entering the country. This time period brought out the Rhode Island Tramps Act of 1880 emulated by nearly every state designed to arrest and convict homeless people. During the Great Depression from the years 1929 to 1940, the bulk of the homeless population was the middle class employees, family’s, and African Americans. Breadlines, soup kitchens, shelters, and shantytowns began to pop up around the country in attempts to help relieve the depression of homelessness of the time. From the year 1980 to the present the homeless population consists of people with alcohol and drug abuse as well as families with children, and single people with high incidence of behavior disabilities. (Leginski, 2007) In the early 1980s, the initial responses to widespread and increasing homelessness were primarily local. Homelessness was viewed by the Reagan Administration as a problem that did not require federal intervention. In 1983, the first federal task force on homelessness was created to provide information to localities on how to obtain surplus federal property; this task force did not address homelessness through policy actions. After bipartisan disputes a reluctant President Ronald Reagan signed it into law on July 22, 1987. On October 30, 2000 President William Clinton renamed the legislation the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act after the death of Representative Bruce Vento, a leading supporter of the act since its original passage in 1987. (National Coalition for the Homeless). The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act uses the key words â€Å"lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence† to describe homeless people and those who would be eligible for the benefits the act provides.

Harriet Martineauâ€Biography and Works

Harriet Martineau- Biography and Works Born in 1802 in England, Harriet Martineau is considered to be one of the earliest sociologists, a self-taught expert in political economic theory  who wrote prolifically throughout her career about the relationship between politics, economics, morals, and social life. Her intellectual work was grounded in a staunchly moral perspective that was influenced by her Unitarian faith (although she would later become an atheist). She spoke out against slavery and was fiercely critical as well of the inequality and injustice faced by girls, women, and the working poor. As one of the first women journalists of the era, she also worked as a translator, speechwriter, and novelist. Her acclaimed fiction invited readers to consider the pressing social issues of the day.  She was known for her keen ability to explain complicated ideas in an easy-to-understand manner, presenting many of her theories about politics, economics, and society in the form of appealing and accessible stories. Early Life   Harriet Martineau was born in 1802 in Norwich, England. She was the sixth of eight children born to Elizabeth Rankin and Thomas Martineau. Thomas owned a textile mill, and Elizabeth was the daughter of a sugar refiner and grocer, making the family economically stable and wealthier than most British families at the time. The Martineaus were descendants of French Huguenots who fled Catholic France for Protestant England. They were practicing  Unitarians  and instilled the importance of education and critical thinking in all of their children. However, Elizabeth was also a strict believer  in traditional gender roles, so while the Martineau boys went to college, the girls did not and were expected to learn domestic work instead. This would prove to be a formative life experience for Harriet, who bucked all traditional gender expectations and wrote extensively about gender inequality. Self-Education, Intellectual Development, and Work Martineau was a voracious reader from a young age,  was well read in  Thomas Malthus  by the time she was 15, and had already become a political economist at that age, by her own recollection. She wrote and published her first written work, â€Å"On Female Education,† in 1821 as an anonymous author. This piece was a critique of her own educational experience  and how it was formally stopped when she reached adulthood. When her father’s business failed in 1829, she decided to earn a living for her family  and became a working writer. She wrote for the  Monthly Repository, a Unitarian publication, and published her first commissioned volume,  Illustrations of Political Economy, funded by publisher Charles Fox, in 1832. These illustrations were a monthly series that ran for two years, in which Martineau critiqued the politics and economic practices of the day by presenting illustrated tellings of the ideas of Malthus,  John Stuart Mill,  David Ricardo, and  Adam Smith. The series was designed as a tutorial for the general reading audience. Martineau won prizes for some of her essays, and the series sold more copies than did the work of Dickens at the time. Martineau argued that tariffs in early American society only benefited the rich and hurt the working classes both in the U.S. and in Britain. She also advocated for the Whig Poor Law reforms, which shifted assistance to the British poor from cash donations to the workhouse model. In her early years as a writer, she advocated for free market economic principles in keeping with the philosophy of Adam Smith. Later in her career, however, she advocated for government action to stem inequality and injustice, and is remembered by some as a social reformer due to her belief in the progressive evolution of society. Martineau broke with Unitarianism in 1831 and adopted the philosophical position of freethinking, whose adherents seek truth based on reason, logic, and empiricism, rather the dictates of authority figures, tradition, or religious dogma. This shift resonates with her reverence for  August Comtes positivistic sociology and her belief in progress. In 1832 Martineau moved to London, where she circulated among leading British intellectuals and writers, including Malthus, Mill,  George Eliot,  Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Thomas Carlyle. From there she continued to write her political economy series until 1834. Travels Within the United States When the series was completed,  Martineau traveled to the U.S. to study the young nation’s political  economy and moral structure, much as  Alexis de Tocqueville  had done. While there, she became acquainted with  Transcendentalists  and abolitionists, and with those involved in education for girls and woman. She later published  Society in America,  Retrospect of Western Travel,  and  How to Observe Morals and Manners- considered her first publication based on sociological research- in which she not only criticized the state of education for women but also expressed her support for the abolition of slavery due to its immorality and economic inefficiency as well as its impact on the working classes in the U.S. and in Britain. As an abolitionist, Martineau sold embroidery in order to donate to the cause and also worked as the English correspondent for the  American Anti-Slavery Standard  through the end of the American Civil War. Contributions to Sociology Martineau’s key contribution to the field of sociology was her assertion that when studying society, one must focus on all aspects of it. She emphasized the importance of examining political, religious, and social institutions. By studying society in this way, she felt, one could deduce why inequality existed, particularly that faced by girls and women. In her writings, she brought an early feminist perspective to bear on issues such as race relations, religious life, marriage, children, and home (she herself never married or had children). Her social theoretical perspective was often focused on the moral stance of a populace and how it did or did not correspond to the social, economic, and political relations of its society. Martineau measured progress in society by three standards: the status of those who hold the least power in society, popular views of authority and autonomy, and access to resources that allow the realization of autonomy and moral action. She won numerous awards for her writing  and though controversial, was a rare example of a successful and popular working woman writer of the Victorian era. She published over 50 books and over 2,000 articles in her lifetime. Her translation into English and revision of  Auguste Comte’s  foundational sociological text,  Cours de Philosophie Positive, was received so well by readers and by Comte himself that he had Martineau’s English version translated back to French. Period of Illness and Impact on Her Work Between 1839 and 1845, Martineau became housebound due to a uterine tumor. She moved out of London to a more peaceful location for the duration of her illness. She continued to write extensively during this time but due to her recent experiences shifted her focus to medical topics. She published Life in the Sickroom, which challenged the domination/submission relationship between doctors and their patients- and was viciously criticized by the medical establishment for doing so. Travels in North Africa and the Middle East In 1846, her health restored, Martineau embarked on a tour of Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. She focused her analytic lens on religious ideas and customs and observed that religious doctrine was increasingly vague as it evolved. This led her to conclude, in her written work based on this trip- Eastern Life, Present and Past- that humanity was evolving toward atheism, which she framed as rational, positivist progress. The atheistic nature of her later writing, as well as her advocacy for mesmerism, which she believed cured her tumor and the other ailments she had suffered, caused deep divisions between her and some of her friends. Later Years and Death In her later years, Martineau contributed to the Daily News and the radical leftist Westminster Review. She remained politically active, advocating for women’s rights during the 1850s and 60s. She supported the Married Women’s Property Bill, the licensing of prostitution and legal regulation of customers, and women’s suffrage. She died in 1876 near Ambleside, Westmorland, in England, and her autobiography was published posthumously in 1877. Martineaus Legacy Martineau’s sweeping contributions to social thought are more often than not overlooked within the canon of classical sociological theory, though her work was widely lauded in its day, and preceded that of  Ãƒâ€°mile Durkheim  and  Max Weber. Founded in 1994 by Unitarians in Norwich and with support from Manchester College, Oxford, The Martineau Society in England holds an annual conference in her honor. Much of her written work is in the public domain and available for free at the Online Library of Liberty, and many of her letters are available  to the public via the British National Archives. Selected Bibliography Illustrations of Taxation, 5 volumes, published by Charles Fox, 1832-4Illustrations of Political Economy, 9 volumes, published by Charles Fox, 1832-4Society in America, 3 volumes, Saunders and Otley, 1837Retrospect of Western Travel, Saunders and Otley, 1838How to Observe Morals and Manners, Charles Knights and Co., 1838Deerbrook, London, 1839Life in the Sickroom, 1844Eastern Life, Present and Past, 3 volumes, Edward Moxon, 1848Household Education, 1848The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, 2 volumes, 1853Harriet Martineau’s Autobiography, 2 volumes, posthumous publication, 1877

State Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

State Taxation - Essay Example Over this, many counties and municipalities levy their own taxes and that has been found to be as high as 9.9%. Maryland has different slabs of personal Income Tax rates. For top of the bracket income (over $500,000) applicable tax rate is 5.5%. For the income below $150,000 per year, income tax rate is 5.0% and for the income in between $150,000 and $500,000 the income tax rate is 5.25%. State does not charge property tax but counties of Maryland do charge property tax and the rate varies between 1.357$ and $ 5.67 per $100 of assessment. Most of the counties charge close to $2.1 per $100 property valuation (Maryland Taxes, 2012). Pennsylvania levies a 6% state sales tax on goods and services providing exemption to the prescription drugs, clothing, residential heating fuels, textbooks and food items. Local counties such as Philadelphia and Allegheny charge additional 1% of the tax making it total 7%. The state of Pennsylvania does not charge taxes on personal property or real estate; however, local municipalities do charge those taxes only on real estate, land or building. The tax is not charged on other kinds of properties such as cars or inventories (Powell, Albrecht). A minimum sales tax charged in Florida is 6 percent. Besides, state permits each county to charge its own local tax that is applicable over and above state sales tax. Counties in Florida have been found to charge taxes between 6 and 7.5 percents. Florida is costliest among all states on the property tax; however, homestead exemptions up to $50,000 can be availed by Florida residents. Homestead exemptions are available to homeowners who stay in the home as primary residence. Florida does not impose gift tax, inheritance tax or intangible personal property tax on the residents. It is worth noting that while buying home in South Florida, closing cost is also a kind of expense that needs to be considered.

Managing People for a Competitive Advantage Assignment

Managing People for a Competitive Advantage - Assignment Example I didn't get any experience with the HR before but I can say that our sponsorship does not have any idea about how to deal with us and they put lots of rules every day and every successive rule complements the preceding one. It was a negative experience because we do not know what they need from us and they don't know how to control our study. They frequently make and change the rules. They make us have a contract with them after we study when they do not have a specific point to us or to what we would do after graduation. Normally, a business entrepreneur maintains a separate human resource department in the company to take care of the needs of the workforce, wherein, the HR Manager assumes the prime responsibility. In companies which do not have separate human resource departments, the General Manager also plays the role of HR Manager in addition to his/her main responsibilities as a GM. I have not elected to take this course because it was the requirement for my graduation. The true reason for electing to take this course is that it is very important for me as it provides me with an opportunity to learn how to deal with others and motivate others to deliver their best in work. After taking this course, I expect to become a better manager in general and a better HR Manager in particular. One of the most essential skills one needs to be successful is the social skills; the way one deals with others. This course will teach me the necessary skills and tactics to have best relations with people, so that I may be able to get the best out of them as a leader. I shall contribute to the class learning by sharing my thoughts, opinions, as well as personal experiences with the class related to various topics that we study along the way. I shall also do research at an individual level and share any useful documents that I find with the class to promote learning. One thing that I have learned in the past which I think is most valuable in regard to human  resource management is that one should listen to all but do whatever one deems right oneself.

Self Assessment (Final Portfolio) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self Assessment (Final Portfolio) - Essay Example To put it simply, I must say that I lacked a direct human relationship with the language. However, after joining this class, in the course of time I have developed a genuine love and appreciation for the English language. My approach towards learning English language is no more, dry, but is marked by lot of emotion, enthusiasm and interest. One other important thing that I learned in this class is the importance of making mistakes, as far as the task of learning a language is concerned. In the initial stages I mostly got disheartened by the number of mistakes I made. Sometimes I strongly felt that I will never be able to have a good grip over the English language. However, later on I realized that every time I made mistakes, I learned many new things, which improved my English a lot. So slowly I got over the fear of making mistakes. With the passage of time my writing skills began to improve. On the basis of the things I learned by making mistakes, I began correcting and improving my previous drafts. No wonder, these corrections made my drafts more grammatically correct and meaningful. I realized that I could express my views and emotions in a much better way than before. I know I still have a lot to learn. But, now I take this challenge with much enthusiasm and hope. The most important thing that this class did for me was to allow for a direct exposure to the concepts of culture and identity by making us read the stories written by famous writers. This class also allowed me a chance to watch three international films. Both these experiences of reading stories and watching films helped me improve my communication skills and made me better at expressing and conveying my views and feelings. Out of the three international films I watched, the film that impacted me most was the Iranian film The Color of Paradise. This film was about the story of a blind boy Mohammed, who is disliked and rejected by his father because of him being blind. His father felt that his bli nd son Mohammed would spoil his plans of getting a new wife and leading a happy and prosperous life. What particularly impressed me in this film was Muhammad’s ability to enjoy the beauties of nature, despite his being blind. I was touched by his sadness and his belief in himself and God. I believe that all of us have a little Muhammad inside us. All of us may be not be blind. Still, many a times many of us are unable to convey to others what we think and feel due to many problems like not knowing a language or not knowing how to phrase what we intend to say. In that sense I identified with Muhammad. Watching this film encouraged me to improve my communication skills and my ability to interact with others. Out of the stories that we read, the one that interested me most was Bloomington, Fall 1971. Though I found the story to be very interesting, the one thing that impressed me most was the mastery of the writer over the art of writing. This story showed to me how language can be used to communicate and convey the most deep seated emotions and feelings. This story made me respect the power of writing. It motivated me to work hard to improve my writing skills and to be able to communicate with others in a much better way. Overall, I must say that this class has led me on to a journey towards improvement and ambition. Whatever I have learned in this class will surely make a good foundation for further improving my writing and communication ski

Emirates Airlines And Fly Dubai Management Essay

Emirates Airlines And Fly Dubai Management Essay The below report is based on two airlines in the United Arab Emirates and they are Emirates Airlines which was established in the year 1985 and up to now is one of the best airlines worldwide flying to over 124 destinations by operating the latest airbuses also providing and offering the best services to its customers and Fly Dubai an upcoming low-cost airline established in 2008 operating about 51 destinations with a fleet size of 23 by giving the travel solution to the customers who wish to travel abroad for cheap fare with no additional services. The report shows an analysis of the two organizational structures on how emirates has a Tall, hierarchical organizational structure in comparison to that Fly Dubai has a flat structure with very few key people and others in same par. It further extends to the understanding of the relationship of the organization structure and its culture, the different approaches of management and leadership styles on how Tim Clark CEO of Emirates and Ghaith Al Ghaith CEO of Fly Dubai lead their organization and the effectiveness of the style they follow. The two companies practice of the classical approach to management is also analysed and an evaluation on the different approaches to management. The task two which is the presentation is based on the understanding of ways of using motivational theories within the two organizations and the mechanisms for developing effective teamwork. Introduction The below report is an analysis of the two airlines, that is Emirates Airlines and Fly Dubai. It focuses on the organizational structure and the behaviour of individuals and groups within two organizations. As a trainee management consultant of emirates airlines I have managed to get information regarding the structure of the organization, the cultural behaviour of the employees of the organization and also the behavioural problems and how they are solved. in the report we identify two main characters in the two Airlines and analyse how the different styles of leadership have helped to guide the subordinates and to help the growth of the organization The assignment covers a presentation which will be presented to the assessor on the due date. Task One 1.1 Structure and culture analysis An organization is a structure through which individuals and groups cooperate systematically to conduct business. With the comparison and contrasting of the two companies which is Emirates Airlines and Fly Dubai we can analyse the structure and culture of the two organizations to get a better understanding on the relationship between the organizational structure and culture. Emirates is Airline that was established in October 1985, since the beginning up until now there are very distinctive growths that have taken place and as of now Emirates is an award winning airline flying to over 124 destinations across the 6 continents by operating over 177 aircrafts and employing over 55000 employees that speak different languages. Emirates have diversified into related industries and sectors, including airport services, engineering, hospitality services, catering, and tour operator operations. Fly Dubai was established in July 2008 by the Government of Dubai and was supported by Emirates at the beginning stage Fly Dubai commenced operations on the 1 June 2009 and up to now they are flying to around 51 destinations with a fleet size of 23 aircrafts. Fly Dubai is an airline mainly based on web sales I.e. It is mainly a web based airline where not much of interaction happens between the airline personals and the customers. Even though it is a budget airline it has a very high since 2009 to now they have a significant growth within the industry. Organizational Structure of Emirates Airlines. The organizational structure of emirates is a very tall, rather hierarchical structure hence the structure starts with Chairman, Vice presidents, Executive secretaries, Divisional VP , Senior VP, Regional managers, Area managers, Department heads and Supervisors below that the staff reporting upwards. The structure presented below contains the main people as well as the structure of the organization more in to the passenger sales executive management until the operational level managers Organizational Structure of Fly Dubai The Chairman of Fly Dubai and emirates Airlines are the same however it is two different organizations managed by a totally different management with few heads and the rest of them in the same par. In analysing the two structures it is clear that Emirates Airlines has a Tall organizational structure as the organization is a large global organization hence the more the company grows the levels of management will rise which will make the structure of the organization tall (hierarchical). When a company has a Tall organizational structure there are various advantages. In a tall structure we can observe a very close supervisory control because of the hierarchical structure involved and also it is a more authoritative structure as the consequences, the roles and responsibilities are clearly defined. The other good thing about this structure is that the responsible person is accountable to higher authorities therefor mistakes are less as well as considered decisions will be made at all times. However sometimes it may be disadvantageous towards the side of the employees as the level of motivation may stand somewhat lower which will in return affect the company also another major disad vantage is that the tall structure creates a huge communication barrier with the top management, middle level managers as well as the lower level manager. Emirates group is a large group with many managerial levels. There are many departments involved various tasks, from the departments serving the customers needs to the engineering department as well as the catering departments and also many more. However each of them are managed by a department head and reported upwards to the middle level and so on to the top management . Emirates airlines is not fully based online like Fly Dubai, there is a major role played by the staff in different stations hence regional managers, area managers, department managers and supervisors are appointed. In the case of Fly Dubai the management is limited and also it is still a new airline that was established about 3 years ago. In analysing Fly Dubai it is clear that the airline has a flat organizational structure as there are only few key people to manage as mentioned above. However there are few directors as well as airport officers appointed to make sure the operations run smoothly. In flat structure have only few management levels where each level controls and managers a large area. The advantage of this structure is that there is a greater communication with the employee and employer and also easy decision making as less people to discuss with but sometimes it may be based on a one persons ideas which can be disadvantageous. It becomes unfavourable in as the key people have to solve all problems of employees and in the organization and also the Lack of layers may reduce opportunities for high level strategic management. 1.2 Evaluation of how the structure of each company supports its culture and how this relationship affects the business. The culture is based on how the business is done. Mainly the belief, norms, customs, values and ideas of the employees within the organization is what it is built upon. A cultural environment should always motivate the employees of the organization to give out their best towards the enhancement of the business performance. The culture of Emirates Airlines is a more quality and service oriented and also has a very forward -looking culture that takes into consideration the customers requirements and makes sure the customer is given out the best at all times whereas in Fly Dubai it is more of power culture, which is all decisions are centralized around one key individual, there isnt much of an interaction with the customer and the airline employees. Emirates has a more role oriented culture where the entire organizational structure has a role to play in order to make sure each of the flights departs on time with all booked customers with to all required facilities. All employees as well as the top management are responsible for every action taken. The Tall structure of emirates works in a favourable manner in the process of decision making as many different ideas can be obtained by the multicultural set of managers as well as the employees. When working according to a vision, having different ideas, having different values will lead to the conducting of business in an ethical way and in return it will enhance the performance of the employees and motivate them to perform well to give out the best. In the case of Fly Dubai, the airline has a more task oriented culture as the main is to make sure the maximum amount of customers are on the flight and also they have only limited intervention with customers hence the customers welfare is not really considered. However each companys culture differs depending on the top management and the employees behaviour patterns. Fly Dubai has few key people and out of which the Owner of the airline is the same as emirates but the cultures of both organizations are completely different. One which is Emirates Airlines, a customer service oriented airline that servers customers to the best by offering various different comforts and additional benefits in order to and make the customer feel good, to satisfy the customer for the price paid and also to retain customers for the long run. The other is Fly Dubai which is a budget airline in Dubai for customers seeking a travel solution for the cheaper fares, in this airline the customers are not given a dditional benefits the culture they impose is that anything is money even the food on board should be bought even the basic baggage allowance is also charged for separately but they give out good deals for customers with less budget. However there are some similarities in the cultural aspects of both airlines, that is both airlines are innovative, they are full of people with new ideas and experiences both airlines have a very friendly background. They also have created a challenging culture. Emirates manly have three main intentions of how to behave in the organization in order to achieve the ultimate goals and objectives of the company. Challenge Conviction Here the employees and managers are influenced by the culture of the organization which all employees should adapt to and that is to accept any challenging situation that come your way. For that the employees should be Curious, Brave, Imaginative Pioneering, Innovative, Ambitious If the organizational structure supports the company culture there will be good improvement in the business performance and also it will motivate the employees in many ways as then they have a clear idea on what is expected and how the organization works. Anticipate and Exceed Customer Expectations This is another way that the customer oriented and service oriented culture can be brought out. For this the staff has to act accordingly with the help of the management. Cosmopolitan, Visionary, Empathetic Human, Intelligent, Hi-tech Have a Can-Do Attitude the attitude has been created among the employees that anything is possible. The organization has a very positive culture hence all employees are motivated by it to work to the best of the ability. 1.3 What each company does in order to identify and solve employee behavioural problems In each company there are problems that are unique to the employees job role accordingly these problems must be identified by the supervisor and should be communicated to the management and make sure decisions have been made to make these problems minimal. In Emirates airlines the main control point is Dubai however each station in different countries has their own problems, sometimes it may be common problems. Taking into consideration Emirates Colombo station, they identify problems by having meetings weekly to discuss issues that have arisen during the week, and solutions are given for these problems by discussing with the relevant management. The employees attitude towards work is also important. Some employees have issues in performance on time for his problem deadlines should be given in order to make sure the job is done on time. Another problem is that if there is a job that needs to be completed the staff will wait till the supervisor instructs them to do so where as they should be advised to make sure no work is in pending status. Some of the key problems that might be common in an organization Unethical behaviour- this can be described in many different actions of employees Theft to disclosure of confidential information to the misrepresentation of products and services, These types of issues are serious as information is conveyed incorrectly and also there may be financial losses for the company. There are agreements that have been signed in order to make sure of the honesty of the employees continues in the future.. Time Management the other problem is on timely performance. When a reservation is made and it is not issued on time the customer will be lost. Employees and time spent for personal matters should be clearly communicated so that employees know whether or not they can answer text messages and personal emails during work time. Employees also need to manage their time wisely when it comes to rest and lunch breaks as well as getting to work on time. If an employee is not managing that time wisely, the company ultimately loses. Fly Dubai is an Airline that directly deals with the customers online through a website. The customers do not have contact with the employees or management but there are a set of employees and managers who work behind the scene. In this case also the above discussed problems will arise hence the with good communication, supervisory and also identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the employees it will help the management to solve the employee behavioural problems amicably. 2.1 Effectiveness of the leadership styles Leadership is the glue that holds all elements in a team together. Good leadership has the ability to transform and inspire both individuals and groups. Emirates airline being one of the leading airlines in the world has many people behind its success and out them Tim Clark as the CEO has a prominent role played in order to manage the organization with the guidance of the chairman His Highness Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum. In analysing Tim Clarks leadership patterns we can identify that he has the qualities of an Autocratic, where he has to command to the management below in a situation where an instant decision has to be taken and Democratic when in a situation that he has to communicate with the rest of the structure to make important decisions. He also has qualities of a dynamic leader, a person who looks as each situation in a different way and adapts to the chargers. As a leader he is quick thinker and a wise decision maker. Tim Clark is a leader who is full of innovative ideas, integrity, dedication, openness and magnanimity. Whatever he does is done with great passion and love for the company and the employees. He is a CEO who makes sure that all employees are treated well. Many new ideas and innovations have been initiated from him; eg the idea of re-launching the brand to hello tomorrow and making it a lifestyle brand, solving some issues related to the A380 aircraft order. He is a person who is not hesitant when it comes to taking risk. He does not follow any traditional ways of doing business but a man with a business mind, who will lead the employees to be easily motivated by the changing world, innovation and upcoming business opportunities that will enhance the business growth and bring success to organization as a whole. (article Group world ) In analysing the leadership styles of Ghaith Al Ghaith the CEO of Fly Dubai, it is clear that he is a very democratic leader; decisions are made by taking ideas from other managers. Within a short time period fly Dubai has succeeded in capturing the market looking for travel solutions. Ghaith Al Ghaith is a very innovative thinker, a leader driven by the vision to be a low-cost and reliable link to key destinations around the globe. Over all a very understanding, brave, challenge accepting and a leader who is believes that nothing is impossible Over the course of my career I have realized the secret to success is team work, attention to detail, dedication and tenacity to go the extra mile. Learning this from the early stages of my career has stood me in good stead for where I am today (article [onlineHYPERLINK ../../../../../Pending/Other/article [online] http://www.ttgmena.com/Interview-with-Ghaith-Al-Ghaith/] http://www.ttgmena.com/Interview-with-Ghaith-Al-Ghaith/ 23/0812 ) 2.2 How do the two companies practice the classical approach to management? Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. There are different approaches to management, Classical approach to management is mainly concerned with increasing the efficiency of workers organizations based on management practice which were and outcome of careful observation. In Emirates the y focus on a worldwide standard that is if any customer calls any contact centre in the world they will be handled in the exact same way as all other station mainly some of the things are done in the idea of one best way to do the job but when situations are unique then the approach differs. In emirates they identify the employees capability of doing each job that is been assigned to them and on that they develop a standard method of performance for each job, the employees are given standard educational training in Dubai on the system and the how to handle the customers as well as the introduction and background of emirates as a group. They also evaluate on how the employees perform their job and if there is an improvement and an enhancement in business practice. In return for good performance and motivational purposes the employees are appreciated and rewarded. Fly Dubai uses the classical management approach only in the decision making process where they emphasise on the purpose of providing the travel solution .Since Fly Dubai is based on web sales the management uses classical approach in a very minimal way however the idea they impose is that the best way of doing business is through the web since they are a new airline and young to the industry they are trying their best to grow as much as they could. 2.3 Evaluation of different approaches to management used by the two organizations Both organizations follow two or more management approaches as some of them change depending on the situation, when we say Classical approach is emphasises on the organizations formal structure, technical requirements and set of principles and in both companies we can see the formal structure and also the principles on how everything is done. There is a rule for everything and a standard way that things are done. Eg- forecasting and planning looking into the future and drawing up action plans organizing building up the material and human structure of the undertaking commanding maintaining activity amount personnel coordinating unifying and harmonizing activity and effort controlling ensuring that things conform to rules and instructions The Human Resource perspective to management suggested that jobs should be designed to meet higher levels needs by allowing workers to use their full potential. In the Human relation point Emirates uses tack tics like Better treatment, need for recognition, better salaries and bonuses, promotions and recognition to the employees to the level that it is needed so that they are easily motivated to do the job in a more positive sense. The employees social welfare is looked in to at all times, there is high job security as well as medical benefits. In Fly Dubai they treat all employees equally and opportunities are given to everyone, the employees ideas and new innovations are taken in to consideration. The people working under fly Dubai is motivated by the secure working environment, profit share salary and other benefits. They also make sure that the employees are problem free from any aspect at all times as if any personal problem it will affect the performance of the employee. The contingency approach to management is an extension of the humanistic perspective which is based on the idea that in an organization there is no one best way in the management process (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling) to successfully resolve any tailored circumstances; because organizations, people and situations vary and change over time. Thus, the right thing to do depends on a complex variety of critical environmental and internal contingencies. In the airline industry many things depend on the customer needs and wants hence many situations differ from one customer to another so depending on the kind of issue the solution will be based and this approach is common in both airlines. Conclusion We can conclude saying that Emirates airlines and Fly Dubai two distinctive airlines as Emirates is a conventional airline and the other is a low- cost carrier. However in the analysis on the organizational structures we identified that Emirates has a Tall structure where there is a large number of employees in the managerial level appointed and given the responsibilities of certain areas and Fly Dubai has a flat structure with few key people. The report consists of behavioural problems within the organization and the solutions and also the leadership styles of the CEOs of both organizations. Based on the last few analyses we are able to understand the different approaches to management.

Computer Maintenance Agency’s Organizational chart Essay

I have worked in a private organization called as Computer Maintenance Agency (CMA) as a junior customer engineer for a period of one year. CMA is linked with a government organization called as National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC). NRSC is popularly known as wing of Indian space research organization. CMA mainly works with network maintenance and system administration by signing an annual contract with NRSC. The CMA organization consists of director, customer support manager, team leaders and engineers. For every two years, NRSC invites the tenders for annual contract maintenance services for their system administrations and network maintenances. My organization, CMA actively participates in the tenders and prepares a low quotation for getting the tender contract. The director is mainly responsible for taking the decisions on the tenders and organizes the company policies in a systematic manner. The customer support manager is the one who helps the director in estimating a suitable quotation for the tenders and informs the director about the tender handling process. The customer support manager responsibilities include customer satisfaction, recruiting and training the employees, implementing the organization strategic policies, resolving problems and monitoring the objectives of tenders. The team leaders under the customer support manager work with the clients of different zones, typically three zones (zone1, zone 2 and zone 3). The zone 1 is known as NRSC Data Center, the zone 2 is known as NRSC Data Processing and the zone 3 is known as NRSC Software Division. The team leader of a particular zone consists of a set of engineers who were divided as senior customer engineers and junior customer engineers. The team leader job duties include reporting the technical issues to the customer support manager, leading and motivating the engineers, tracking the daily work performance and providing the feedback to the customer support manager. The engineers under a team leader works on issues like system administration, network issues, troubleshooting  problems, and hardware and software issues. The engineers will have a direct contact with the clients through web application. The whole organization performance and progress depends upon the efficiency of the engineers. Failure in the performance of the engineers may lead to the organization loss. The main internal problems in CMA include the organization budget issues, system performance, lack of communication between the senior customer engineers and the junior customer engineers, and mostly time management issues.

How Does Texting Affect Our Lives Essay

I found myself when writing essays writing how text. I use a lot of shortcuts when writing; Instead of me writing the word† you† I would write â€Å"u†. This affects the way I write tremendously at times. It’s the new technology that’s doing this. My mother has witnessed more than one group of e-mailers go spiraling down into a full blown argument fueled by their thumbs of quickly expressed words of stupidity, when a simple phone call or physical meeting would have resulted in a much more civilized result. People have taken a lot of shortcuts in life through texting. Some can’t live without it. Texting ruins our ability to concentrate on one thing at a time? For example, a personal gripe of mine has to do with people texting while I am trying to tell them something, causing them to look up and say, â€Å"wait, huh? â€Å", and it is all too common. What happens when the ability to drive is hindered? Just ask the parents of one of our graduating seniors last year, who lost his life while texting and driving in his vehicle; unfortunately incidents such as these are not isolated. This is why it is illegal to drive while texting. Talking on the phone while driving is one thing, at least you are looking straight head.

Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Essays

Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Essays Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Paper Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Paper Essay Topic: Literature The opening scene to the play An Inspector Calls is vitally important as this is where the audience is introduced to the different characters, where their actions, expression, the way they speak, their appearance. All these affect the audiences impression of the character. The playwright J B Priestley creates in the first scene a dramatic impact, for us to get a certain prejudice against the character of Mr. Birling through dramatic irony. In the first scene we learn to a great extent the personality traits of the different members of the family. This plays a major role in the plot because we find all the members of the family treated Eva Smith in the way they thought were suitable; Mr. Birling as usual shifts the blame of her death unto other characters. The playwright has written this play to make a political point, and gain support for his socialist ideas from the audience. In this essay I intend to show who was most responsible for Evas death and why and to suggest how J B Priestley uses this play to make political point. At the time the play was written, the world was going through a very important political phase. It was first performed a week before World War Two ended and set before World War One. J B Priestley wrote this play as he saw an urgent need for social change and used the play to express his desire for social equality. The time span between the dates used (1912-1945) is to make us aware of what has happened and learn from mistakes that were made in history. Priestley purposefully wrote the play in hindsight, as this was very effective at looking at the mistakes Mr. Birling (a conservative upper class gentleman) made, especially when he talks of the three issues; war which is never going to happen, the Titanic which will not sink and the miners who will not strike. All these issues did took place and the audience have known of these facts. J B Priestley has written this play to send a message to the people of the middle-class in Britain to educate them on the difficulties suffered by the working class. Priestley presents the character Mr. Birling to the audience as very pretentious and arrogant. He uses dramatic irony when Mr. Birling talks of the three issues. This gets a carefully constructed image of Mr. Birling through to the audience, that both his ideas and political analysis are misguided. At the beginning of the play, Mr. Birling is giving a speech at the table including the three issues, when his maid Edna interrupts him, and she tells him an inspector has arrived. The inspector enters and introduces himself as Inspector Goole. The timing of the entrance is crucial, as this reveals that behind the dining table, this prosperous middle-class family are very sinister. Priestley uses the inspector to show the audience how hypocritical and arrogant the upper middle class men and women were. He portrays his message to the audience through the inspector. He then begins questioning all of the characters present on the table about the death of a young girl called Eva Smith/Daisy Renton. Mr. Birling had employed Eva Smith at his works until September 1910. At first when the inspector had asked him about Eva he couldnt remember her until the inspector showed him a photograph of her. He then remembered her and explained about his involvement. Eva had been involved in a dispute over low wages and because she had been one of the ringleaders in the strike, he had dismissed her. The inspector explains to Mr. Birling Evas situation, and the consequences of his actions; she was out of work for two months and desperate for money. Mr. Birling shows no remorse. Instead he tries to justify his actions: The girl had been causing trouble in the works then he says, I was quite justified. Gerald Croft defends him; however Sheila and Eric both disapprove. Mr. Birling is also discomforted by the way he is being challenged by the inspector and is especially bitter when he suggests to Mr. Birling that he is using girls for cheap labour and getting his profit from this exploitation. To Arthur Birling, as to others of his kind, workers were there to do a job and it was not his responsibility to look after their welfare. He firmly believed that he was being fair to his workers by paying them the going rates. Eva was getting twenty two and six which compared well with a bricklayers labourer who got eighteen shillings and a police constable who got twenty seven shillings a week. So from his perspective he was not underpaying his workers by the standards of 1910, because most employees took advantage, setting the average pay very low for the working class. He considered it his duty to keep labour costs down and stamp out any unrest among his workforce. However, Priestley wanted the employers to change their ideas about their employees. Although Arthur Birling set Eva Smiths tragedy in motion I do not think he was to blame for her death, because he was just behaving as any other manufacturer at that time would have done even though it was too inconsiderate. However, I did dislike his attitude when he found out about her death. He was too concerned about keeping the story quiet to protect his position in society and his knighthood. Also he shows no remorse for his actions. Arthur Birlings attitude that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself was precisely what JB Priestly was fighting against when he wrote this play. He believed that we should all help each other and take responsibility for our actions. After being dismissed, Eva was out of work for two months and was desperate for money. She luckily got a job as a sale assistant in a clothes shop, Milwards. It was here that Sheilas involvement took place. She and her mother had been valued customers at Milwards and used this to her advantage to get Eva dismissed. Sheila had complained about Eva for laughing at her when she tried on a dress. What had perhaps annoyed her even more was that Eva looked better in the dress than she did. Sheila in a fit of jealousy demanded that Eva Smith would be dismissed; otherwise she would persuade her mother to close their account. Unlike her father Sheila felt extremely guilty for having Eva dismissed. As she says I felt rotten about it at the time and now I feel a whole lot worse. Evas second dismissal left her in a worse state than her first and she became hopeless. Sheila has been the cause of this further deterioration but I feel less inclined to blame her because of her remorse. Whereas Mr. Birling sacked Eva quite boldly and unremorseful and never gave her a second thought, Sheilas action was the result of a fit of temper and she regretted it immediately. She seems genuine when she says, Its the only time Ive ever done anything like that, and Ill never, never do it again to anybody. This is the reaction JB Priestley wanted to get from his audience. He wanted people to feel sympathy and care for each other and take responsibility for their actions. On reflection, perhaps Sheila does deserve more blame than her father. Although Sheila shows more remorse than Mr. Birling, her reasons for getting Eva sacked are less valid. Mr. Birling saw Eva as a ringleader of troublemakers who could disrupt his production and exploitation of cheap labour. Sheila however got rid of her for a far less important reason caused by her own temper, jealousy and spoilt behaviour. She used her power to get Eva dismissed. Gerald Croft becomes involved with the girl at this stage but she has now changed her name to Daisy Renton in an attempt to start a new life. She is needy and considers prostitution. We should not condemn her for this because she had no parents and there was no welfare state in those days for her to turn to, so it was probably a choice between starvation and prostitution. Gerald first met Daisy in a bar at the theatre. He saw Alderman Meggarty (a well-respected person in society) harassing her and went to her rescue. He took her for a drink and a meal because he pitied her and he learnt she was desperate and so let her use his friends rooms. She then became his mistress and they were together for the whole summer of 1911. He finished with her and cast her aside because of his relationship with Sheila Birling Although he was probably fond of Daisy, there was never going to be any future in the relationship because of the class differences. Gerald was the son of Lord and Lady Croft and would be expected to marry someone of similar social standing. This was more important in the early 1900s. Even Arthur Birling feels socially inferior and boasts about a possible knighthood to increase his own importance. Being rejected by Gerald was probably more hurtful to Daisy than the dismissals inflicted on her by Arthur and Sheila Birling because there were strong emotions involved. Daisy was in love with Gerald and being thrown out by him left her not only homeless but heartbroken. She had also been cared for by Gerald and enjoyed quite a luxurious lifestyle (to her). She therefore had more to lose than previously. The drain on her emotions would have left her with less fighting spirit so her future looked even bleaker. Gerald also had tried to act heroically; he seems to be the least at fault because he had given her a home and allowance even though he hardly knew her. Out of Evas appreciation caused love, which was inevitable so the whole situation of Gerald leaving Eva was bound to have happened. Sheila although disgusted that Gerald has had an affair with Eva Smith/Daisy Renton handles the matter maturely; I dont dislike you as I did half an hour ago, Gerald. In fact, in some odd way, I rather respect you more than Ive ever done before. Daisy does not look for a job again. Within a few weeks she is back in the Palace Bar (a place for prostitutes) where she meets Eric. She is thinking again of becoming a prostitute to earn a living. He is drunk and insists on going home with her and threatens to make a row unless she lets him in. He sleeps with her on this occasion and another two or three times. She then discovers she is pregnant but refuses to marry Eric because she knew he did not love her. Also she thought of Eric as a child, knowing he was young and foolish she realised it would not be a good idea to marry him. Although it has been a casual affair, Eric has become quite fond of Daisy and wants to take some responsibility. Despite being from a wealthy family, he is regarded as a child and has very little money of his own and is forced to steal to provide for her. When Daisy finds out where the money has come from she refuses to accept any more and ends contact with him. As soon as Mr. Birling knows that his son has stolen money from his accounts, he is furious. He tells Eric that he should have asked asked himself (Mr. Birling) for help, but Mr. Birling was not the type of father you could ask for help as expressed by Eric. Although both Gerald and Eric have had sexual relationships with Daisy, Gerald had genuine feelings for her and looked after her, for a time whereas Eric, Just used her for the end of a stupid drunken evening, as if she was an animal, a thing, not a person. He also got her pregnant which in those days was far more serious than today. Daisy now had a baby to think about as well as herself and there was no welfare state to help. Also while she was pregnant, she couldnt work as a prostitute or get any other job. This would mean she would be homeless and starving. I personally feel that Eric was most responsible and his actions could be justified by his parents upbringing. Eric is regretful for what he has done, but that does not excuse his behaviour. Although he was not entirely to blame for her suicide, he must take much of the responsibility because he used her. However, he did not rape her; she was offering her services as a prostitute. Also, she could have married him, it was her choice not to. He tried to help her financially but she refused to accept any more stolen money. Maybe Daisy was too honourable. Eva Smith/ Daisy Renton, now pregnant and with no money, turned to the Brumley Womens Charity Organisation. Mrs. Birling and other upper-class women like her used these sorts of organisations to show themselves as very compassionate and caring people within society. Mrs. Birling was an important figure within the organisation. When she interviews Eva Smith/ Daisy Renton she is disgusted when she calls herself as Mrs. Birling, she feels working girls are too low to deserve the name. Eva Smith had only given herself the name of her childs father was so. Mrs. Birling (Sybil Birling) then interrogates Eva calling her a liar and refusing to accept her story. People like Eva Smith needed advice, care and attention, however Mrs. Birling provided none of these. Eva Smith then tells her the father was only a youngster-silly and wild and drinking too much. There couldnt be the question of marrying him- it would be wrong for them both. He had given her money but she didnt want to take any more money from him this was because it was stolen. Mrs. Birling refused to believe her story and was prejudice against Eva: As if a girl of that sort would ever refuse money! She then uses her power within the organisation to get the other members to refuse her help. Although Mrs. Birling is the chairwoman of a charity that is supposed to help people, her attitude is hypocritical because she does not help people who genuinely need it. Also the help she would have given Eva would not have been at her expense. She tells Eva to go and look for the father of the child. Its his responsibility. She thinks Evas case is not a deserving one and that people should sort out their own self-inflicted problems instead of putting the responsibility on others. She is smugly complacent and believes she has done nothing wrong. As she tells the inspector, I accept no blame for it at all. Out of the Birling family I feel most disgusted by Erics actions, firstly because of his drinking, which leads to more and more problems. He then forcefully made love to Eva although he had not raped her. He did however threaten to make a row. He did in a certain way force Eva to have sexual intercourse with him. Furthermore he then does not face up to his problems he steals money from his fathers accounts, then when she does not accept the stolen monies, he leaves her. I feel Eric Birling was the guiltiest of Eva committing suicide because he laid on her the burden of a baby and did not face his responsibilities. I feel this play had a political motive. J B Priestley was a renowned socialist, this play was written at a time the Labour party emerged and the welfare state was being created. This play had a purpose and that was to influence the audience on socialist ideas. The playwright presents Mr. Birling (the conservative) as a disliked character; on the other hand the inspector (a socialist) is presented as a more compassionate and caring character. The other political motive was to change the ideas of middle-classed people in Britain at the time, and J B Priestley warns if we do not try to help each other more wars, and problems, will occur.

Spinal Cord Injuries Essays - Neurotrauma, Motor System, Free Essays

Spinal Cord Injuries Essays - Neurotrauma, Motor System, Free Essays Spinal Cord Injuries As an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT), when someone has a spinal injury, additional movement may cause further damage to the spine. EMTs must always immobilize the patients head and torso in the position found. The purpose of an EMT is to prevent further harm to the patient until more professional medical help can be obtained. If in doubt about whether a person has received a spinal injury, always assume he or she has. A spinal cord injury (SCI) is very serious because it can mean the loss of sensation and function in the parts of the body below the site of the injury. SCIs are caused in many different ways. Some of the most common ways a person may obtain a SCI are- motor vehicle accidents, bullet or stab wound, diving accidents, electric shock, awkward positioning of the body, falls, sports injuries (such as football or diving), industrial accidents, assault and gunshot wounds. Polio, Spina Bifida and Friedreichs Ataxia are some of the frequent diseases that cause SCI. SCI may also be know in other names such as spinal cord compression (SCC) and spinal cord trauma (SCT). According to an article in , SCIs occur in approximately 12,000 to 15,000 people per year in the U.S. About 10,000 of these people are permanently paralyzed, and many of the rest die as a result of their injuries. Most spinal cord trauma occurs to young, healthy individuals. Males between the ages of 15 and 35 are most commonly affected. The spinal cord is about 18 inches long and extends from the base of the brain, down the middle of the back, to about the waist. It is composed of 33 bones called vertebrae, 31 pairs of nerves, 40 muscles and numerous connecting tendons and ligaments running from the base of the skull to the tailbone. Between the vertebrae are fibrous, elastic cartilage called discs. These absorb shock and keep your spine flexible and cushion the hard vertebrae as it moves. The nerves that lie within the spinal cord are upper motor neurons (UMNs) and their function is to carry the messages back and forth from the brain to the spinal nerves along the spinal tract. The spinal nerves that branch out from the spinal cord to the other parts of the body are called lower motor neurons (LMNs). These spinal nerves exit and enter at each vertebral level and communicate with specific areas of the body. The sensory portions of the LMN carry messages about sensation from the skin and other body parts and organs to the brain. The motor portions of the LMN send messages from the brain to the various body parts to begin actions such as muscle movement. The brain and the spinal cord both make up the Central Nervous System. Motor and sensory nerves outside the central nervous system make up the Peripheral Nervous System and another diffuse system of nerves that control involuntary functions such as blood pressure and temperature regulation are the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems. Rings of bone called vertebra surround the spinal cord, and these bones make up the spinal column or backbones. Most often, the higher in the spinal column the injury occurs, the more dysfunction a person will experience. The vertebras are named according to their location. The 8 vertebra in the neck are called the Cervical Vertebra. The top vertebra is called C-1; the next is C-2, and etc. Cervical SCIs usually cause loss of function in the arms and legs, resulting in quadriplegia. The 12 vertebra in the chest are called the Thoracic Vertebra. The first is called the T-1 and its where the top rib attaches. Injuries to this region usually affect the chest and the legs and result in paraplegia. The vertebra in the lower back between the thoracic and the pelvis, are called the Lumbar Vertebra. The sacral vertebras run from the pelvis to the end of the spinal column. Injuries to the 5 Lumbar vertebra and similarly to the 5 sacral vertebra generally result in some loss of functioning in the hips and legs. The effects of SCI depend on the type of injury and the level of the injury. SCI can be divided into two types of injury- complete and incomplete. A complete injury means that there is no function below the level of the injury, no sensation and no voluntary movement. Both sides of the body are equally affected. An incomplete injury means that there is some functioning below the primary level