Monopoly over the Legitimate Use of Force vs Terrorism free essay sample

If states already exercise a monopoly over the legitimate use of force, why do they employ the tactics of terrorism? Introduction Max Weber, German sociologist who profoundly influenced social theory and political economy, contributed immensely to the notion of the state as a political organization, where he argues that the legitimate use of force successfully rests in the hands of its administrative staff. (Weber, 1922; cited in Holton Turner, 1989). Many claim, however, that there is a need to clarify a variety of possible misunderstandings that may derive from this definition.For instance, Wimmer (2003) presents a range of arguments in this direction, focusing on the pervasive character of violence within a social context and the ambivalent notion that the state successfully holds the monopolization of legitimate violence or use of force. After all, the state’s little power over certain criminalities and the use of violence speaks for itself. The lack of control over ownership of arms and other uncountable means of exercising violence contributes to the continuous – and impossible to supress presence of the illegitimate use of force by non-state actors. We will write a custom essay sample on Monopoly over the Legitimate Use of Force vs Terrorism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, the state’s control over force refers solely to the legitimate form of force. As a result, the success of such monopoly is rather imprecise: are states effective in combating criminality? To what extent their legitimate use of force prevent illegitimate violence under their penal law? For sure it does not prevent all forms of violence, and its efficacy depends very much on the level of such violence in societies – high levels of homicide, damage of property or even some form of ‘private armies’ such as guerrillas and mafias. Wimmer (2003) refers to a range of examples to support this: Columbia’s unsuccessful claim on the monopoly of violence; many African countries that ignore a large number of illustrations of violence and even Central Asia can be challenged in its ‘success’ over the monopoly of legitimate use of violence. Adopting other perspectives, and having in account the end of the Cold War, it is argued that the representation of states has suffered a shift from their actual governments to certain private entities.Even though non-state actors of violence defy the states authority and monopoly of force – such as rebels, insurgents, terrorists, etc. – the sources of security have had a tendency to be privatized in the recent years. Public authorities’ transformation and reduction of economic resources may be behind such shift, but the truth is that states have been focusing much more in international engagement rather than internal tasks, and the budgets ava ilable are directed to other costs such as technological demands rather than territorial defence.The private sector is then the alternative to ‘fill in the gaps’: increasing number of companies that provide active security and defence services; very importantly, the business of make and trade of conventional weapons and even scientific and technological private sector laboratories. This creates great dilemmas on power-sharing and responsibility between private and public sectors, and leaves the state with little command over defence issues, the industries the possible hazards of the products – for example the current case of nanotechnology (Bailes, Schneckener Wulf, 2007). The so called ‘New Threats’, particularly modern terrorism, has beneficiated considerably from more obscure parts of private economic identities, as Bailes, Schneckener Wulf (2007) further explore. Crime, smuggling and corruption assume different proportions when confined to a much more spread trading circle than the earlier direct trading between states; and when industries such as the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and other type of high danger materials are at stake, terrorist organizations can acquire enormous sources of machinery.Furthermore, the issue of fast propagation of information through privately managed internet also brings issues: terrorists can easily acknowledge and share ways of creating weapons from substances that are legally and easily acquired on public markets. Apart from these accounts of monopoly over the legitimate use of force, it is important to analyse how the different states act in the pursuit of its owenership, indicating th e ups and downs of their strategies.On the other hand, studying traditional theories behind state terror and state-sponsored terrorism is essential to conclude what is behind the choice of states in the use of tactics of terrorism, regardless of their historical background and propensity for collapse. At later stages, stereotypes around the relation between democracies and terrorist tactics will be critically analysed, while justifying ideas of power thirst and easy/cheap access to goods even by the state.World Wide States and their Monopoly over the Legitimization of Violence Throtha (1995, cited in Wimmer, 2003) strongly believes that the monopoly over the legitimization of violence is in crisis within an international context. As suggested before, regions such as Africa struggle to contain illegitimate force, and its consequences vary from dramatic deterioration of postcolonial states, and more often than not the actual breakdown of the state and its central authorities.In Latin America, the concerns of increasing levels of violence are also evident, and have been for a long time. Such concerns can be directly linked with the continuous political instability of the area and its repeatedly turn-over of governments – the so called Caudilismo for instance has always been a source of contestations, as private armies and guerrillas assume certain empowered positions under the instruction of authoritarian leaders.This type of rule in the Latin communities in America has been brought since as early as the 19th century, where the concept of State was not yet formed or implemented; nevertheless, few changes have been made to it in the contemporary world, which will obviously bring certain problems: the stat es’ role within a society needs to accompany the growth and development of the same, shaping its rules and justice to fit in new possible threats and maintain the balance.The lack of such adjustments can be demonstrated in a number of consequences that derived from it, for example, the immense growth of metropolitan areas created a type of estates ‘favelas’ -, where the state and authorities have little or no power due to the control of certain dominant leaders over poorer communities through high rates of criminality. The notion of legitimate use of force by the state in the Latin American countries became then very distorted due to the violence it had to deal with, and military/police units are regarded as cruel, brutal, corrupt and a source of insecurity (Wimmer 2003).Looking at the Former Soviet Union, the major problems rely on the privatization and criminalization of the economy, issue that has been explored above. The presence of corruption, crime, illegal international trading of arms and drugs, etc. is suggested as an evident characteristic of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in the World Development Report of 1997 by World Bank. Other problems rely, again, on the respect of law by the authorities, police or army, who do not get regular salaries, and therefore pursue other resources.Tax evasion and money laundering is common and feeds the use or threat of violence. Once again, the notion of political stability continues to be a blurry concept under the light of the mentioned facts – paying attention to more particular cases, this can be widely noticed for instance in Afghanistan, with the much contested Taliban regime. The fragmentation of Afghanistan’s state hits such high levels that its monopoly over the legitimate use of force is completely inexistent.

Five Fun Facts on Hybrid Cars

Five Fun Facts on Hybrid Cars Sure, you understand regenerative braking and you know the difference between plug-in hybrids and the rest of the pack. But are you schooled enough about these popular alternative fuel vehicles to know these five interesting tidbits about them? Hybrid vehicles are not an invention of the last decade. In fact, they date back to 1902 when a gentleman by the name of Ferdinand Porsche built the first fully functioning hybrid car, known as the Mixte. If that name rings a bell, it should. Porsche was indeed the founder of the Porsche company. Early hybrid cars were referred to as Semper Vivus, meaning always alive. The first hybrid had a two-combustion engine with an electric motor hub designed to store energy in the battery. It wasnt until 1997 that the first commercial hybrid car was produced and it was the Toyota Prius which rolled out its first hybrid in Japan that year. Since the Prius hit the market in the U.S., nearly every major automaker has either produced or announced plans to produce, a hybrid vehicle or line of vehicles. Hybrid cars are not the only example of hybrid technology. Hybrid technology isnt new and has been around for many years, as noted above. But did you know that it has been used in mopeds which united the gasoline engine and power pedals? Of course you did...you just never thought about it that way until now. Hybrid technology has also been used in locomotives, submarines, mining trucks and other applications. It took over a century for the technology to find its way back to automobiles. Hybrid cars are not one-trick ponies when it comes to savings. While fuel savings are the most obvious economic argument to be made for hybrid car ownership, with hybrids getting over 50 miles per gallon and using just one-third of gas as conventional cars, there are other financial reasons to consider a hybrid. They have lower depreciation rates compared to their conventional counterparts and most owners will be eligible for a tax rebate. While batteries are costlier, most automakers now offer a lifetime warranty on batteries and some also offer substantial warranties on other parts. Finally, hybrid cars retain excellent retail value. Repair costs wont break the bank. Much like some conventional models, known for their costly maintenance, vehicle maintenance for a hybrid should cost no more than for conventional vehicles. This statement used to be false, but popularity of hybrids has decreased costs considerably with more mechanics now trained routinely to perform maintenance on hybrid vehicles, making it much easierand less expensiveto keep a hybrid vehicle performing optimally. Hybrid cars are breaking through long-held myths. One of the most nagging myths about hybrid cars is their performance. But with hybrid car makers tuned into this growing concern, advancements in technology with advanced electronic mechanisms which can intelligently strike a balance between performance and efficiency according to the driver’s needs, have answered to this concern. Another myth that is also slowly being disproved is that hybrid cars are dangerous in the case of an accident. In reality, hybrid cars include many safety features to protect both the drivers and passengers as well as emergency response personnel. Power train components are marked clearly with bright colors to warn emergency workers of their existence and recent recommendations are for additional safety features to be put into place. Another example of inaccurate information once believed to be true is that hybrid cars need to be plugged in every evening and that drivers will be stranded if the battery runs down while driving. In reality, the hybrid vehicles popularity has grown at least in part from the realization that hybridsother than plug-in hybridsare not plugged in to charge their batteriesthey charge while on the go. In addition, hybrids will not leave you stranded since they seamlessly switch to gasoline when necessary...just remember to have some gas in the tank!

Markting 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Markting 3000 - Essay Example For example, IPhone functions depend on the mobile network such as GSM, GPRS, EDGE, 3G, Call, SMS etc. Without these features there is not much use of IPhone and hence by distributing IPhone through AT & T, Apple is enhancing the value and use of IPhone for consumers. Similarly, the value chain for customers buying online is that segment of market which resides outside the USA. Hence, they cannot use AT & T in their country, so it much feasible for them to buy IPhone online and use it in their country on their choice of mobile network. The value they get from buying online is cheaper product as compared to if it bought from AT & T. The return value channel will be reselling IPhone back to Apple, which will refurbish them and then sell them again in the market at a higher price. The reverse value will be that when people buy refurbish sets they will know that the product is being checked by Apple itself and hence it will be more reliable than other second hand IPhones available in the market. This will result in refurbished IPhones selling at a higher price as result of reverse

Autobiography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Autobiography - Assignment Example I have a younger brother and we both lived together with our parents until I decided to come to the United Sates for higher studies My parents always encouraged me and my brother to share and care for each other. Although we did not get everything that we wanted, deep down in my heart, I know that they love me and will always be there for me. My life was largely untouched by the pressures of living in a communist society. I have had an interest in academics and sports right from my childhood and therefore I was fully immersed in these activities. I consider myself to be fairly outgoing and enjoy spending time with friends and family. I have many friends back in China and I am still in touch with them through mail and phone. However, I am excited about the opportunity I got to come and study in the United States. I had always wanted to come to the United States and explore the opportunities that this country has to offer. In this paper, I will analyze my life experiences in the light of the eight stages of social skills development as demonstrated in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Erikson stated that each of these stages is characterized by specific developmental milestones that act like a defining moment that guides the development of an individual (Cherry). Erikson’s Stages of Social Skills Development 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Occurs from birth to age two) Santrock defines this stage as a phase when, â€Å"children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust† (2009). I--------X-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I Trust Mistrust I have heard from my mother that one time, when she was away in another city on official work, my father was at home, preparing for an important meeting which was to be held that afternoon. I was an infant at that time and was exploring things in the front room when I accidently dropped a hot cup of coffee on myself. Even though we had a baby sitter at home, my father cancelled his meeting and chose to be with me that day. I have also heard from my mother that she nursed me till I was two years old because she wanted me to be healthy and strong. I believe that it is my parents support during my early years of life that has helped me to gain confidence and not feel threatened by my surroundings. Hence, I have placed myself closer to ‘trust’ on the scale. Had I not been given this support and care, I would not have learned to trust my parents and my surroundings. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Occurs between the ages of two and three) Santrock defines this stage as a phase when, â€Å"children need to develop a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure and punishment results in feelings of shame and doubt† (2009). I-------X----------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------I Autonomy Shame and Doubt I do not remember much about this phase in my life. However, recollecting past conversations with my parents, I know that I was a very active child while growing up and wanted to eat food and drink milk without anybody’s assistance. My parents would place me on a high chair next to the table and keep the food in front of me. I would not allow any body to help me and would insist on eating it on my own, even if it would get messy. I have also hea

The Function Enorbarbus Essay Example for Free

The Function Enorbarbus Essay Enorbarbus is Antonys lieutenant and friend and Shakespeare continually develops Enorbarbus character, role and functions within the plot throughout the first two acts. This cynically acclaimed character is one of the most remarkable in the play and contributes to the drama in many ways. From the very first time the audience sees Enorbarbus we can sense that one of his purposes to the play is that he is very sympathetic and supportive to his friend Antony. In Act I Scene 2 when Antony confesses he wished he had never met Cleopatra; I must from this enchanting queen break off. Instead of going along with what he said Enorbarbus suggests that if that did happen then Antony would have missed wonderful piece of work. Enorbarbus shows another service to the play, which is faithfulness, and comradeship that helps to show the kindness of his friend in the course of this action. Enorbarbus obviously does not agree with his fellow Roman comrades, Demetrius and Philo in the opening scene, where they call Cleopatra a gypsy. When Antony says Cleopatra is cunning past mans thought it is Enorbarbus that comes in and objects mentioning; Her passions are made of nothing but the finest part of pure love. In this discussion and the others in the first two acts Enorbarbus plays the role of a part Antonys ordinary self, like a reflection. Enorbarbus reaction to the death of Fulvia, Antonys wife, is nonchalant and light-hearted with a touch of humour. He speaks in pros and wittingly suggests that Antony should move on instantly and find a new lady; Your old smock brings forth a new petticoat. His witticism, another function, shows the audience that deep down he feels extremely sorry for Antonys loss but wants his friend to feel better as soon as possible. However it appears too much for Antony and he asks Enorbarbus to stop mocking him with, No more light answers. In Act II Scene 1, before the Triumvirs assemble, the tactful Lepidus attempts to influence Enorbarbus to keep Antony quiet and calm by entreating your captain. Enorbarbus once again sticks by Antony and uses a simile to tell Lepidus that he prefers his captain to speak his mind and will not have him silenced;

What is Art? Essay -- Essays Papers Definition Arts Artistic

What is Art? What a question! This very same topic has been on the minds of many great people for many years. Just what exactly is art? Art is a form of expression. It is beautiful, ugly, tasteful, distasteful, impressionistic, realistic...you get the point. Art is everywhere. It lives in the soul, mind, and even the heart. Art is an outlet for people to express themselves. Art is a way for the human mind to express itself. Even a loud, outgoing person has feelings that they do not feel comfortable sharing with people. These expressions often come out through their art. What is classified as art? Besides the obvious?paintings, drawings, architecture, etc?Art can be dancing, singing, acting, etc. It can be pretty much anything that expresses an idea. Even something as common as speech is art. Everyone speaks with a different voice, and each voice is a piece of art. Art surrounds us. It is encountered so often that often we don?t realize art when we see it. All too often we ignore art. We overlook the ideas and thoughts behind it. Anyone can look at a painting and say ?Wow! That?s beautiful!? How many of us can actually stop and say ?Wow! Now I understand!? Art is around to teach us. We can learn so much about ourselves and the world around us. Many times we create art without a conscious reason. We believe that we are just making a pretty picture. Usually we are expressing a subconscious idea. If take the time to actually analyze and criti...

Normalization in Montessori Essay

Normalization that I have experience in a Montessori class-room between the ages of 3-4 years old. . In this essay I will be referring to the child as he/she. Human beings are born with the desire to know things, the urge to explore, and the need to master their environment. The class room is carefully prepared to train Children to develop their senses, to stimulate curiosity, to satisfy their child’s need-to-know and to protect them. (Kramer.1976) Firstly, the environment must be prepared to meet the needs of the children positively and all obstacles to the child’s development must be removed. Secondly, the environment had been prepared by the teacher before the children arrived in to the classroom. Thirdly, the teacher is there to direct the children positively in the classroom, and all of these processes prepares the child and contribute to normalization. In the Montessori classroom, another evidence of normalization can be witnessed when the child prepares for an activity through Movement and Freedom. The child chooses a table and chair. The child walks to the classroom shelves. Choose his activity. He chooses the practical life material (The pouring exercise) and carefully carries it back to his seat, placing the tray on his desk. He then begins the next cycle. In addition, concentration and freedom begin to develop gradually at this stage. The normalize child continue to show concentration with his work; and ignore other children in the class-room. â€Å"For his work is the expression of his mind†. (Montessori. 1949, P133). Bearing in mind the sensitive period for Order. He carried out his work, according to the presentation already shown to him previously by his teacher. I noticed how he kept on repeating the exercise, by pouring the water from one jug to another using his manipulative skills. Dr. Montessori’s observation about the girl that kept repeating the exercise â€Å"Forty-Two times†, flashed to my mind instantly. I notice how the child look content with what he was doing. This leads to repetition of the exercise over and over again. He remains calm and confident while carrying out the cycle of activity. Finally, after deriving satisfaction with himself and perfection, he checked to see if he made any spill (Control of Error). He smiled and carefully returns the (Pouring Exercise) back to the practical life shelve. The child demonstrates a sociable attitude. He smiled, and then turns to other children in the classroom after finishing his activity. â€Å"Montessori has arranged things so that the control of error is to be found in the materials themselves†. (Standing. 1962, P 80). He displays the characteristics of normalization previously listed. He was self discipline and stood up quietly after the exercise, and very graceful in his movement, Order and Language. To summarise my point, In a Montessori classroom, the practice of Montessori‘s teaching on â€Å"Normalization† is daily practiced everyday in the Montessori environment. The idea that the environment is prepared, encourage children to work on activities of their own choice at their own time. It helps the child to show the characteristics expected from a normalized child that is -Independent, Respectful, Love of Order, Work, Silence, Mutual cooperation, Obedient and Joy. In Conclusion; I believed that Normalization is constantly practiced in the classroom and this facilitates the child to develop physically, psychologically, emotionally and spiritually. Finally after understanding how to meet all the needs of the child, this normalized child appears in the Montessori classroom.